نشریه مهندسی نقشه برداری و اطلاعات مکانی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، اسفند 1395)

Nowadays, geocoding is a crucial part of the different science process, So that in most of the geospatial and spatial-related applications; geocoding services play an important role as a data-provider. Modern geocoders are fundamentally different from their original versions, and all aspects of these software services (coverage area, response time, spatial and non-spatial data completeness) have improved dramatically. Despite the fact that these developments have truly extent the area of geocoding applications, there are several issues with these improvements which are important as user point of view. These issues contain the hypotheses in the interpolation process, precision of the reference data, the uncertainty in matching algorithms and spatial unit of the geocoding service. Literally, Geocoding means assigning a geographic code to a set of non-spatial (attribute) data. This definition comes from two root words: "geo" means earth and "coding" is defined in Latin as applying a rule for converting a piece of information to another part. "Input", "processing algorithm", "reference data" and "output" are the fundamental parts of an abstract geocoder. Due to the importance of geocoders in different applications, in this article we decide to evaluate several open-source and commercial geocoding services from different perspectives. Hence, different measures (response time, data completeness, ease of use and etc.) are used in this article in order to address this issue in a fair and precise manner.

Urban sprawl or uncontrolled dispersion of the built-in areas brings about different economic, social, and environmental problems in the cities which have high growth of population. Remote sensing and GIS are used for measuring and visualizing the urban sprawl pattern and obtaining information about their temporal and spatial changes. Shannon’s entropy has traditionally been used in the discussions on measuring uncertainties and urban development. One major shortcoming with Shannon and other entropy measures is the fact that the support of the random variables is not taken into account in calculating the amount of information. The present study has offered a location-based measure for measuring density in urban development based on the cumulative distribution function. Such a measure is called weighted cumulative entropy (WCE), which is an extension of Shannon and other measures of uncertainty. In the newly presented measure, the values of the support set and the distribution function are both important. Shannon’s entropy and WCE are used to study the rate of urban sprawl and to visualize sprawl dispersion of Tabriz in 1993 and 2013. The results of this study showed that WCE is a more suitable statistic than Shannon’s entropy for identifying and monitoring the dispersion or concentration of urban constructions. In fact, Shannon’s entropy has failed to show the difference between the areas while WCE has distinguished the dense urban areas from non-dense ones more clearly. Moreover, the map of urban sprawl pattern in Tabriz indicates asymmetric growth, and the most urban dispersion and growth has happened along the roads from Tabriz to Tehran, Maraghe and Marand cities, which demands urban management in order to achieve sustainable development.

Deralu Copper Mine in 120 Km of south of city Kerman and 35 Km of north Eastern Baft in mountain area, are rested between Hezar with high of 4465 meters and Lalehzar by high 4351 m mountains. Tailings dam for the processing plant, is a required facility for mining operation. Site selection of tailings dams has a great impact on the initial and final investment of the mining operations. The dam site selection process was based on economic issues and of ease of operation criteria in the past, but for now, due to the importance of the environmental issues, tailings dam site selection is a complicated process. In this study, determination of location of the copper mine tailings dam Deralu using GIS software as a decision support software is used. Many parameters affect the localization of tailings dam, which these parameters cause complexity in choice of localization of tailings dam. In this research, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) - based on weighting parameters by the experts, will attempt to locate - is used. The opinions of experts, consisting of five layers of geological, environmental, hydrological, and economic and morphology was classified. Then, paired comparisons were performed between the layers to weight. Simultaneously the weighted sets analyzes were inconsistent judgments. Finally, By field control operations, the four proposed areas for further research were identified. The four regions were compared using TOPSIS method and preferred option was chosen.

Spatial information is the basis for decision making in many economical, social, cultural and even political disciplines. If the processed geographic information is considered as an economical product, it will be used by the users based on its price as well as the users’ satisfaction. However, due to inefficient strategies in pricing of such information, there is no a reasonable return of investment (ROI) for all the organizations and institutes involved in the data collection and processing steps. This not only reduces the motivation of some involved organizations, but it leads to increase in the price of the final product and consequently its usage. This paper investigates the pricing of geographic information using the value chain approach. For this, the characteristics of geographical information and their pricing issues are described, and deployment of the value chain approach for pricing of geographic information is then introduced.

Research shows that the large water reservoirs act as an extensive evaporative surface and increase the surface temperature in area with low humidity. Because the large dams have a negative long term impacts on the local climates, it is necessary that, further studies are performed in positioning of these dams before the construction in semi-arid climates. Remote sensing is a powerful tool in temporal studies of macro and micro climates. Generally, TVDI index examines the relationship between vegetation and surface temperature of region, which reflects the degree of drought. Our Objective in this research is to investigate the role of Baft reservoir dam on local climate and the dryness of this area using Landsat series of satellite images. The result of this study confirmed the negative impacts of large dams in semi-arid climates and represents an increase of drought index around the Baft reservoir dam.

The main purpose on this research is to estimate Strain, Stress Ellipses and rotation parameters on the surface of 15th Khordad Dam. To reach this scope, first of all, a control Geodetic Network is preanalyzed to minimize the magnitude of semi major error ellipses on the control points, this network is predesigned out of the dam structure, for economic purposes this pre-analysis is done to save time as well as finance. To do this, the coordinates in which are utilized as the main coordinates of this control Network are driven indirectly from Manual GPS or from the old maps of this region. This geodetic control network is performed by first order design and second order design. The estimated data which is derived from the first and second order design is used to determine the type of surveying instruments and equipment to meet the primary determined precision, in face, the first order design tries to search a designed area or place to find the best and optimal place for the assumed coordinated, this would be achieved by maximizing the minimum degree of freedom, so different geometrical figures are computed to reach the above purpose in which the minimum degree of freedom is maximum, the second order design is to optimize the weight of geodetic observations, at this stage, the above geometrical figure driven from the first order design is fixed and the weight matrix is changed till the optimal precision for the semi major ellipses is achieved then Geodetic observations in two different epochs on control geodetic networks is done and the adjusted coordinates of control networks by minimum constraint adjustment is calculated, this minimum constraint method is chosen because no one of those coordinates is assumed to be errorless data, for this reason, the above method is chosen to adjust and compute the data. In the next step, geodetic observations on the body of dam is done by applying the control networks coordinates in each epoch, the coordinated of the target points(on the body of dam) is calculated by Over Constraint method, this over constraint method here is used by applying the adjusted coordinates from the former stage, these points and coordinates already achieved the predetermined error ellipse so they can be applied as Control points with the pre assumed size for the absolute error ellipses . The displacement vectors are driven by the differentiation between two adjusted coordinated on the target points in two different epochs. By Delaunay triangulation the surface of dam is separated into multitude triangles, then by the estimated parameters of the displacement vectors in finite element method a displacement model is regressed on each triangle to estimate the parameters of strain ellipse, strain tensors for the center of each triangle is calculated by the finite element method. Magnitude of geometrical infinitesimal change, rotation and Azimuth of each geometrical change is calculated and then by the application of the Hook law the stress tensors are calculated on the center of each triangle. The graphical figures are calculated by GMT software to have visual view of all Strain changes.

Urban infrastructure is one of the most important fields in different countries and the developing of a city largely depends on the proper infrastructure management. Therefore, a proper way of monitoring, controlling, planning and managing these infrastructures is essential. In this issue, finding the accurate positions of facilities such as pipes is a difficult problems due to the non-visibility of these infrastructures. Ubiquitous computing and new developments in geospatial information systems (GIS) can be a solution to such problems. This paper aims to describe the role of Ubiquitous GIS in underground infrastructure management and review modern GIS technologies and Ubiquitous computing in urban infrastructure. In this paper a variety of technologies in the field of urban infrastructure using ubiquitous computing is explained in three categories including infrastructures, sensors and services. Compared with the existing technologies in position estimation of underground utilities, it can be concluded that the exploiting of RFID technology is better than previous methods in this field. Also, this study reviles that in such applications and field inspection augmented reality methods are more suitable than Mobile GIS methods.